About Earth and Geothermal Energy

There are two types of energy that can be obtained from the earth:
earth energy and geothermal energy.

Earth Energy
Earth energy uses temperatures found in the earth or below water to cool or heat air and water for buildings. For example, a heat pump can extract heat from underneath the ground to heat a building. In the summer, the pump can be reversed to provide air conditioning by moving hot air out of the building and down into the ground.

It's more efficient to use earth energy than it is to use a combustion furnace. That's because it requires less energy to move heat from one place to another than it does to convert one kind of energy into another, which is what a furnace does. Canada uses one-quarter of its total energy consumption on space heating or cooling and water heating or cooling.

There are more than 30,000 earth energy installations in Canada that are used for residential, commercial, institutional and industrial applications. Earth energy is used widely in northern Europe, especially in the Scandinavian countries, which have adopted the technology quickly. Earth energy is becoming more common in the southern United States where it's used to cool buildings.

Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy uses steam or hot water in the earth's crust to power turbines or to heat buildings or water. The earth's crust contains a large amount of energy. The lava that flows from a volcano is a vivid example of the energy in the earth's crust. If the local geography has the right features, geothermal facilities can be installed. The facilities capture steam as it escapes from cracks or holes in underground rocks. Geothermal energy requires a source temperature of more than 100°C to drive a generating turbine.

Hot water from within the earth can heat buildings with no conversion. The famous hot springs in Banff, Alberta are an example of geothermal direct heat at a resort.

Geothermal energy is used widely in the Philippines, Italy, Indonesia, Mexico, New Zealand, Japan and China. Iceland relies on geysers as its principal source of heat. Several northern communities around the world circulate this type of heated water through pipes under roads to melt ice from the pavement, and the water is also used in aquaculture, car washes and similar applications.

In Canada, there is a test geothermal site in the Meager Mountain - Pebble Creek area of British Columbia. A 100 MW electrical facility might be developed at that site after further testing.

Applications of Earth and Geothermal Energy

What is energy in the earth used for?	Who uses energy in the earth?	How is the energy obtained?
Using the earth or bodies of water to provide heating or cooling	residential commercial industrial	Fluid is channeled through pipes that are installed in the earth. The fluid passes through a heat pump that exchanges heat.
Diverting water from wells or lakes to provide heating or cooling	residential commercial industrial	Water passes through a heat pump that exchanges heat.
Using steam or hot water in the earth's crust to generate electricity	electrical facilities	Steam or hot water from the earth's crust is used to power turbines.
Using steam or hot water in the earth's crust to heat buildings and water	municipal commercial industrial	Steam or hot water from the earth's crust is passed through pipes to supply heat to a specific location.

Benefits of Earth and Geothermal Energy

Earth energy systems provide the following benefits:
	The operating costs of earth energy systems are much lower than the cost to operate a combustion furnace with an air conditioning unit. However, the cost to install a complete earth energy system can be higher than the cost to install furnace and air conditioning unit. On average, an earth energy system can save two-thirds of the cost to heat and cool with electricity.
	Earth energy can provide heating in winter, cooling in summer, and year-round hot water for home use. A single system performs all necessary functions and requires only a flick of a switch to reverse the unit for a seasonal change.
	An earth energy system can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by more than two-thirds compared to similar systems that use carbon-based fuel. However, the reductions depend on the source of electricity that is used run the system's components. It is becoming more important to reduce greenhouse gases because of international efforts to reduce global warming and climate change.
	Earth energy systems provide constant low-level heat, which eliminates the need to change thermostats at night. Another benefit is the absence of draughts that are common with conventional forced-air heating systems.
	Earth energy systems do not produce the odour that is found in natural gas, oil or propane furnaces. That makes earth energy systems perfect for highly-insulated buildings or for people who are allergic or sensitive to noxious gases and poor air quality.
	Earth energy systems are located inside a building, which eliminates the adverse effects of nature and any accidents or vandalism, thereby increasing the system's life and efficiency.
	Penetrations through the building's walls or roof increase energy performance and reduce the risk of structural damage.
	Because there is no combustion, earth energy systems cannot explode and there is no need to store fuel. Insurance companies often provide a discount on policies that use earth energy.
	If you install an earth energy system in a commercial or industrial building, you eliminate the need for a flat roof and cooling towers. That allows architects to increase the aesthetic appeal of the building's design.
	Earth energy systems can deliver heat to one room and simultaneously provide cooling to an adjacent room. This is extremely useful in institutional buildings such as schools.
	In commercial or industrial buildings, earth energy systems reduce the need for mechanical space. That allows space to be used for more productive purposes. In many cases, the cost savings from reduced overhead space in the ceiling and the mechanical room can offset any increased cost for the installation of the system.

Making Ethanol fuel

Ethanol is produced using the following process:

1. Wheat or corn kernels are ground in a hammermill to expose the starch.
2. The ground grain is mixed with water, cooked briefly and enzymes are added to convert the starch to sugar using a chemical reaction called hydrolysis.
3. Yeast is added to ferment the sugars to ethanol.
4. The ethanol is separated from the mixture by distillation and the water is removed from the mixture using dehydration.

A new process is under development for making ethanol from the cellulose and hemicellulose components of cheaper biomass feedstocks such as wood and agricultural residues. The method is similar to the traditional process that uses the starch component of grain or corn. However, this method is more difficult because these types of feedstock require more complex pretreatment and hydrolysis steps that use acid or enzymes before the sugars can be fermented to ethanol.

Biodiesel fuel from seeds

Vegetable oils from canola seeds, corn seeds, sunflower seeds, flax seeds etc. can be treated to create a clean-burning fuel known as biodiesel. The most direct way to extract the oil from the seeds is to use mechanical or mechanical/solvent extraction. Extensive road tests of biodiesel fuel in trucks have proved that it is a suitable fuel, especially if petroleum becomes excessively costly or unavailable.

Bioenergy

Bioenergy is an integrated life science company with a clear mission to develop products that improve lives. Our core technology is centered on the simple carbohydrate, D-ribose, and the dramatic metabolic impact it has on restoring energy in the body.

D-Ribose amplifies the body's natural response to metabolic stress, protects tissues from oxygen deprivation, and stimulates recovery following a hypoxic or ischemic insult. For healthy people this translates to more energy and less fatigue, greater exercise performance over time, and faster recovery from exercise or overexertion. For those with compromised heart or muscle function it means they can do more and enjoy a higher quality of life. No other compound, including natural bioactive compounds or drugs, can replace D-ribose in its important metabolic role in the body.

Bioenergy is commercializing products that transcend the spectrum from specialized nutrition to ethical pharmaceuticals, providing a continuum of care. Our clinical nutrition and branded nutraceutical products provide metabolic support to stressed hearts and muscles, and our bioactive ingredient, Bioenergy RIBOSE™, is widely used in foods and nutrition as an energy enhancing nutraceutical to fight fatigue and accelerate energy recovery. The Company's pharmaceutical division is developing D-ribose applications that will significantly expand the beneficial use of ribose in health preservation, and our cell technology subsidiary is developing cutting edge technology to help improve our blood supply.

Biotechnology for biomass conversion

Bioconversion of corn starch

Corn starch is converted into ethanol through wet or dry milling processes followed by saccharification and fermentation. Technology for the fermentation of starch was first developed many thousands of years ago for beer making, but today's processes are much more efficient. Enzymatic saccharification used for converting starch into fermentable sugars employs glucoamylases that operate at elevated temperatures. Fermentation of the resulting glucose is carried out within a few hours, and the ethanol is distilled and dehydrated using contemporary technology that consumes relatevely little energy. In addition to ethanol, modern wet milling plants produce corn oil and animal feed products. These byproducts offset much of the grain price and retain the principal nutritive value. Fermentation of corn starch is an established but still evolving technology. Further improvements can be expected in the utiliztion of corn fiber byproducts the the implementation of even better distillation technology.

Bioconversion of lignocellulosics

Bioconversion of lignocellulose to ethanol requires pretreatment, saccharification and fermentation. Pretreatment requirements vary with the feedstock and are often substantially less in the case of various paper and hydrolysis waste streams.

Cellulose saccharification

Cellulose saccharification is the process of turning polymeric lignocellulosic materials into fermentable sugars. this can be accomplished by a number of processes including acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis.

Pretreatment technologies

Pretreatment is essential for bioconversion of most lignocellulosic materials. Pretreatments include mechanical size reduction, heat, steam, steam explosion, autohydrolysis, acid hydrolysis, alkali treatment, ammonia, chemical pulping, solvent extraction, and various combinations of these separate processes. The purpose of pretreatment is to maximize subsequent bioconversion yields and minimize the formation of inhibitory compounds. With heterogeneous waste streams such as municipal solid waste (MSW), it may be necessary to go through some sort of classification process such as air classification or magnetic separation before carrying out pretreatment.

Classification processes

Air classification is used to separate mixed MSW into light and heavy fractions. It was developed to produce streams for paper recovery and combustion. In this process, a shredded waste stream is fed into a cyclone with air injected from the bottom. The light fraction consisting of paper and plastics exits from the top; the heavy fraction with wood, glass and metals exits from the bottom. Magnetic separation is used to remove ferromagnetic materials. Shredded waste passes through a magnetic separator on a continuous conveyor belt. Hand sorting is used to recover high value materials such as aluminum and some plastics. Recycling is best done by the consumer at the source. It is far easier to keep recoverable materials separate than it is to mix them and have to separate them later.

Mechanical size reduction

Requirements for mechanical size reduction vary with the feedstock. In the case of green wood, chipping is generally essential. The smaller the chip, the faster the pretreatment chemicals or steam can penetrate into the wood. Because wood is a thermal insulator, heat transfer into large chips can be uneven. However, if chips are too small for the dimension of the reactor employed, excessive packing can occur and steam does not penetrate appropriately into the bed. Chip sizes range from 3/4" to 1/8"

In the case of agricultural residues, particle size reduction can often be done simply with grinding. For dry corn or soybean residues, density is often lower than what is desirable, and particle size reduction is not an issue

Municipal solid wastes present a particular problem because of their extremely heterogeneous nature. Large quantities of plastics, wood, metals and other materials are often present. If certain heavy metals are present in the mixture when acid is added, they can create severe downstream problems in fermentation and product formation. Batteries should not be a part of the waste stream.

Steam treatment in a tumbling reactor is a convenient way to facilitate separation of plastics and fibers while increasing digestibility of MSW. In this process, garbage is introduced into a large, cylindrical, horizontal autoclave that is slowly rotated on its side while steam treatment takes place. The plastic materials collapse, and the fibrous materials for a pulp. Metals and other non-fibrous materials (e.g old shoes) are readily separated on a grating after treatment.

Autohydrolysis

Autohydrolysis is the process of converting lignocellulose into fermentable sugars by exposure to high temperature steam. Many lignocellulosic materials contain significant quantities of acetylated hemicellulose. Steam releases these in the form of acetic acid which subsequently carries out a partial hydrolysis of the hemicellulosic and cellulosic sugars. the principal disadvantage of this approach is that sugar yields are generally very low.

Acid hydrolysis

Acid hydrolysis is often used as a pretreatment because it can be adapted to a wide variety of feedstocks. Except in the case of strong hydrochloric acid hydrolysis, it is generally carried out at elevated temperature (100 to 240 °ree;C) for various lengths of time. At higher acid concentrations, it can be carried out at temperatures as low as 30°ree;C. Generally an inexpensive process, acid hydrolysis may also produce large quantities of degradation byproducts and undesirable inhibitory compounds in higher temperature (low concentration, greater than 110°ree;C processes).

Strong acid hydrolysis

Sulfuric acid can be used in concentrated form, but it is far more commonly used in a dilute solution of 0.5 to 5% sulfuric acid (on a w/w basis with dry solids). The concentrated form usually employs a method of separating and recycling the acid catalyst limiting the total acid losses to approximately 3%, or the same as the dilute process. Use of the concentrated acid however, allows lower temperature and pressure hydrolysis with fewer byproducts produced.

Concentrated hydrochloric acid (47%) is sometimes used for strong acid hydrolysis because it is relatively easy to recover. Hydrolysis with concentrated hydrochloric acid gives one of the highest sugar yields of any acid hydrolysis process. It is carried out at room temperature. The chief drawback is that it is highly corrosive, volatile, expensive and almost complete recovery is essential in order to make the process economical..

Weak acid hydrolysis

Sulfur dioxide is often used in combination with autohydrolysis because it gives better sugar yields and helps to modify lignin for subsequent extraction or recovery. Sulfur dioxide combined with steam is particularly effective as a pretreatment for enzymatic cellulose saccharification.

Dilute acid hydrolysis

Dilute acid hydrolysis with 1 to 5% sulfuric acid is generally considered the most cost-effective means of hydrolysing wood and agricultural residues. Yields of hemicellulosic sugars can be 80 to 95% of theoretical. Yields of glucose from cellulose are generally less than 50% but can approach 55% at elevated temperatures.

The ARKENOL process

The following information has been provided by Mark Carver of ARKENOL, and he should be contacted for further information.

Recent advances in the chromatographic separation of strong acid hydrolyzate has improved the economics of the process.

The ARKENOL concentrated H2SO4 process uses several recent technological advancements to commercialize a Bergius derivative process. Advancements in cross-linked plastic coatings allow the use of lower cost materials in equipment selection and construction and with the lower temperature allowed by higher acid concentration, one can use near atmospheric pressure process operations.

The integration of commercial chromatographic separation equipment allows the near complete recovery of the acid catalyst without large energy penalties. Both environmental and genetic engineering have produced bioorganisms which readily metabolize both C5 and C6 sugars produced from the lignocellulose.

The ARKENOL process separates the lignin, ash and insolubles from the high concentration sugar and acid stream leaving a near zero solids stream for chromatographic separation. Separation recycles the acid for reconcentration and sugar for neutralization and nutrient addition.

Simultaneous fermentation of the C5 and C6 sugars in about 70 h hours converts more than 90% of these sugars into ethanol and CO2. Maintaining higher concentration sugars through the process allows 7-8% beer for feed to the distillation and dehydration columns. Clear sugar streams allow the recovery of bio-organisms for recycle as well as the recovery of reusable water from the distillation column bottoms. The lignin, ash and insoluables may be further processed for byproducts or used for biomass fuel (8000 BTU/Dlb) or composting.

The process economics have been evaluated for 12-20 MMGPY (million gallon per year) ethanol production plants receiving 400 to 650 TPD of 75% C+H content, 10% moisture biomass. Average collection costs range from $6 to $20/ton for the biomass collected within a 25 to 50 mile radius of the plant. 30 year cash on cash IRRs are generally above the 12% range with leveraged returns even higher.

The ARKENOL process has been evaluated by several internationally known independent engineering firms, extensively (4 years) reviewed and permitted for a California cogeneration project, demonstrated at laboratory scale for five years, operated for almost two years at a 1/2 TPD pilot plant on rice straw and sorted municipal paper waste feed streams, has had two $100 million plus engineering and construction firms prepare and evaluate preliminary engineering and cost estimate packages and is in the process of obtaining a $45 million financeable process guarantee from one of them.

They have several international patents pending on the process and are pursuing international as well as domestic development opportunities.

The first plants should be financed and starting construction by late 1996 or early 1997.

Biomass Feedstocks

Many different biomass feedstocks can be used to produce liquid fuels. They include crops specifically grown for bioenergy, and various agricultural residues, wood residues and waste streams. Their costs and availability vary widely. Collection and transportation costs are often critical.

• Agricultural crops
• Bioenergy crops
• Agricultural residues
• Wood residues
• Waste streams

Agricultural crops

Sugarcane, sugarbeet, corn, and sweet sorghum are agricultural crops presently grown commercially for both carbohydrate production and animal feeds. Sugarcane, corn and sweet sorghum are efficient at trapping solar energy because they are all "C4" plants. They use special biochemical pathways to recycle and trap carbon dioxide tht is lost through photorespiration. Sugarbeets are efficient because they store their carbohydrate in the ground. Sugarcane was the basis for the World's first renewable biofuel program in Brazil. Corn is the basis for the present renewable ethanol fuel industry in the United States. The sugars produced by these crops are easily fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The sucrose produced by sugarcane, sugarbeet, and sweet sorghum can be fermented directly after squeesing them from the crop. Corn traps its carbohydrate largely in the form of starch which must first be converted into glucose through saccharification with glucoamylase. The residues left over after removing fermentable sugars can also be utilized. In some cases they end up as animal feeds, but many agricultural residues can be converted into additional fermentable sugars through saccharification with cellulases and hemicellulases. The hemicellulosic sugars are not fermentable by S. cerevisiae, and must be converted to ethanol by pentose fermenting yeasts or genetically engineered organisms.

Bioenergy crops

Bioenergy crops include fast growing trees such as hybrid poplar, black locust, willow, and silver maple in addition to annual crops such as corn, sweet sorghum, and perennial grasses such as switchgrass. Many other crops are possible, and much more information is available from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and various USDA regional laboratories. The optimal crop will vary with growing season and other environmental factors. Most fast-growing woody and annual crops are high in hemicellulosic sugars such as xylose.

Agricultural residues

Corn stalks and wheat straws are the two agricultural residues produced in the largest quantities, however, many other residues such as potato and beet waste may be prevalent in some regions. In addition to quantity it is necessary to consider density and water content (which may restrict the feasibility of transportation) and seasonality which may restrict the ability of the conversion plant to operate on a year-round basis. Facilities designed to use seasonal crops will need adequate storage space and should also be flexible enough to accommodate alternative feedstocks such as wood residues or other wastes in order to operate year-around. Some agricultural residues need to be left in the field in order to increase tilth and to reduce erosion. But some residues such as corncobs can be removed and converted without much difficultly.

Wood residues

Softwood residues are generally in high demand as feedstocks for paper production, but hardwood timber residues have less demand and fewer competing uses. In the past, as much as 50% of the tree was left on site at the time of harvest. Whole tree harvest systems for pulp chips recover a much larger fraction of the wood. Wood harvests for timber production often generates residues which may be left onthe site or recovered for pulp production. Economics of wood recovery depend greatly on accessibility and local demand. Underutilized wood species include Southern red oak, poplar, and various small diameter hardwood species. Unharvested dead and diseased trees can comprise a major resource in some regions. When such timber has accumulated in abundance, it comprises a fire hazard and must be removed. Such low grade wood generally has little value and is often removed by prescribed burns in order to reduce the risk of wildfires.

Waste streams

Numerous waste streams could be exploited for ethanol production. They are often inexpensive to obtain, and in many instances they have a negative value attributable to current disposal costs. Some principal waste streams currently under consideration include mixed paper from municipal solid waste, cellulosic fiber fines from recycled paper mills, baggasse from sugar manufacture, corn fiber, potato waste, and citrus waste, sulfite waste liquors and hydrolysis streams from fiber board manufacture. Each waste stream has its own unique characteristics, and they generally vary from one source or time to another. Waste streams with lower lignin contents and smaller particle sizes are easier to deal with than those with higher lignin contents and larger particle sizes. Waste paper that has been treated by a chemical pulping process is much more readily converted than is native wood or herbaceous residue.

Geothermal

Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. It's clean and sustainable. Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to hot water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth's surface, and down even deeper to the extremely high temperatures of molten rock called magma.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is a clean energy carrier (like electricity) made from diverse domestic resources such as renewable energy (e.g. solar, wind, geothermal), nuclear energy, and fossil energy (combined with carbon capture/sequestration). Hydrogen in the long-term will simultaneously reduce dependence on foreign oil and emissions of greenhouse gases and criteria pollutants.

Wind Energy

Wind energy uses the energy in the wind for practical purposes like generating electricity, charging batteries, pumping water, or grinding grain. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind into other forms of energy. Large, modern wind turbines operate together in wind farms to produce electricity for utilities. Small turbines are used by homeowners and remote villages to help meet energy needs.

Bio Energy, Alternative Energy

Combined Heat and Power

Conventional power generation is typically about 25% efficient - that is most of the energy generated from burning the fuel is wasted as heat lost to the atmosphere as illustrated by the large cooling towers associated with Power Stations. Generation of heat from boilers is a much more efficient process with about 80% of the thermal content of the fuel being typically converted to useful heat. Separately, electricity and heat production are in the region of 45% efficient, together the efficiency rises to above 80% with consequent fuel savings and reductions in harmful emissions.
Fuel Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water from the earth are combined in the photosynthetic process to produce carbohydrates (sugars) that form the building blocks of biomass. The solar energy that drives photosynthesis is stored in the chemical bonds of the structural components of biomass. If we burn biomass efficiently (extract the energy stored in the chemical bonds) oxygen from the atmosphere combines with the carbon in plants to produce carbon dioxide and water. The process is cyclic because the carbon dioxide is then available to produce new biomass. Biomass is a renewable resource, but above all, it is carbon neutral, therefore not contributing to global warming! Although much of the focus on Combined Heat and Power in the U.K. has been focused on electricity generation in recent years, we believe it is important to ensure for any planned project that there is a strong thermal requirement to ensure an efficient system. With the increase in Landfill Tax and the introduction of the latest Climate Control Levy, biomass will become even more competitive with fossil fuels. Biomass is a chosen growth sectors in the U.K. Opportunities for district heating and Combined Heat and Power projects. Increased awareness of opportunities at grass roots levels and beyond.
Although much of the focus on Combined Heat and Power in the U.K. has been focused on electricity generation in recent years, we believe it is important to ensure for any planned project that there is a strong thermal requirement to ensure an efficient system. Typical successful Combined Heat and Power users in the U.K. have been:
Leisure centres Hospitals Schools Universities Community centres District heating schemes Colleges Industrial Energy usage often ranges from 100kW to 6mW and above, with typically, a 2:1 ratio between thermal and electrical output.
Equipment With many years of experience in manufacturing, supplying and installing wood combustion systems, Bioenergy Technology are able to offer wood fired boilers ranging from domestic to Combined Heat and Power plants including all ancillary equipment. Bioenergy prides itself on its ability to provide a full installation specification from storage systems through to the chimney, and together with a detailed knowledge of mechanical services we can offer a full Turnkey solution.
Storage Bunker Silo These are often constructed below ground as a classic solution for large volumes or on sites where fuel delivery requires the facility to tip the material from a vehicle easily. This is intended for storing dry wood chip. Available in 3m, 4m or 5m diameter.
Ro-Ro bins This is a purpose designed heavy duty mobile steel bins with two flap end doors. Each bin fitted with a single moving floor scraper system and hydraulic cylinder with quick release flexible hoses and fixed pipe work. A Ro-Ro bin can 'plug in' directly to the wood combustion system.
Boiler Bioenergy Technology Limited supplies different combustion plants, meant for all kinds of biomass streams. Each boiler and plant is supplied to the specific demands of the customer, the starting point is always the basic plant as to the kilowatt output requirement. Constant monitoring of improvements incorporating modern designs and can include the following equipment: Moving Grate technology Static retorts Pre-combustors A 2.3mWatt wood fired steam boiler system , which utilises a Spilling one cylinder system steam engine generator unit , to produce approximately 170kWatts of electricity from steam at 14bar was installed in Northern Ireland by Bioenergy. For smaller installations of less than 1mW , steam engines (reciprocating engines powered by steam) are more cost effective and flexible solution to producing power efficiently.
Electrical Generation There are broadly two methods of generating electricity from combustion via steam turbines or by use of very clean (non particulate) fuels (e.g. natural gas or diesel) via reciprocating engines. Bioenergy Technology favour the use of steam turbines cycle (the Rankine Cycle) for use of wood combustion to develop Combined Heat and Power. This is well established technology with a high level of reliability. It is possible to develop gas from wood to run reciprocating engines or gas turbines reciprocating engines, but this technology (gasification) is currently at an earlier stage of development and therefore lower reliability.
Free Standing Chimney
Bioenergy chimney is a twin insulated chimney constructed generally as detailed below: The inner liner is manufactured from stainless steel grade 316 0.46mm, whilst the outer casing is stainless steel 304 0.46mm. The insulating material on internal diameters 125mm—200mm is a high quality silica based powder which ensures optimum performance. The sockets and spigots are manufactured from stainless steel grade 316 0.46mm, their construction having bayonet type engagement which lock rigidly together. The inner liner is lock formed and fixed to the upper male spigot only, and the outer casing is lock formed and is joined to both the male spigot and female socket end caps. This form of construction allows the inner liner to expand and contract with the varying temperatures without affecting the outer casing. Bioenergy Chimney internal diameter is from 250mm—600mm and is constructed in the same manner as the smaller diameters.
Additional Equipment
Dissipator Bioenergy Wood Granulator Flatbed air blast cooler, incorporating heat exchanger and axial fans to cool the water. Bioenergy has the right solution for every type of application, all the machines are manufactured in line with the standards of the wood processing industry. The basic model can be modified according to specific requirements (e.g. desired output, hopper shape and rotor types).

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